Is Bird Flu Spreading? What Every Veterinarian Needs to Know About the Latest Outbreaks Across the U.S
In recent weeks, the U.S. has witnessed an alarming uptick in cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), with numerous states reporting outbreaks affecting both wild birds and poultry. From Nebraska to California and Florida to North Carolina, the virus has been wreaking havoc, sparking concern among poultry producers, veterinarians, and wildlife experts alike. With the rapid spread of HPAI, it is essential for veterinarians and farmers to be vigilant and proactive to prevent further outbreaks and minimize the risk to public health.
An Unforeseen Surge
The Nebraska Department of Agriculture recently reported its first confirmed cases of 2025, with outbreaks in Nance and Kearney counties. The virus, which has become a regular concern for poultry producers, manifests with cold and flu-like symptoms in birds and can lead to decreased egg production or sudden death. According an interview on KETV 7, with Dr. Don Reynolds, a poultry veterinarian, the first sign of infection is often the unexpected death of birds—making it critical for producers to be proactive in monitoring the health of their flocks.
“Commercial production facilities have a lower risk due to the presence of veterinarians on staff,” Reynolds explained. “But backyard flocks, especially those that keep food or water outside, are at greater risk due to increased exposure to wild birds, which can carry the virus.”
Wild birds, particularly migratory species, are the primary vectors of avian flu, especially during the winter months. With water sources melting, experts predict a sharp increase in bird flu cases this spring. Reynolds urges poultry farmers to take precautions such as moving feeders and water containers indoors to limit the risk of exposure.
Public Health Concerns and Human Exposure
While the bird flu virus traditionally affects birds, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has reported a rise in human cases across the nation. Riverside County, California, has seen one of the highest concentrations of bird flu cases, with 23 confirmed outbreaks at poultry and dairy farms. Although the risk to the general public remains low, Riverside County public health officer Dr. Geoffrey Leung told ABC 7, Los Angeles, cautions those who work closely with high-risk animals, including dairy cows and poultry, to take extra precautions.
“The virus has not adapted to spread from person to person, but there’s a theoretical risk for individuals who handle animal products that aren’t cooked or pasteurized,” Leung said. "Human cases are still rare and typically mild, with symptoms similar to seasonal flu—such as fever, respiratory issues, or red eyes."
Preventive measures like thorough handwashing, avoiding raw milk or dairy products, and ensuring meat and eggs are fully cooked are crucial in minimizing the risk of transmission. Leung stressed that while human cases of bird flu remain mild, anyone experiencing symptoms should consult a healthcare professional for evaluation.
The Impact on Wildlife
The bird flu's reach extends beyond commercial farms and backyard flocks, affecting wildlife populations as well. In Florida, two young bald eagles, E24 and E25, became the latest victims of the virus. Known to many through the popular Southwest Florida Eagle Cam, these eaglets were confirmed to have died from H5N1 bird flu. The Clinic for the Rehabilitation of Wildlife, Inc. (CROW) confirmed the cause of death, underscoring the broader ecological impact of the virus.
Similarly, in North Carolina, a dead waterfowl found at Lake Julian Park tested positive for the virus. The discovery in Buncombe County adds to a growing list of wild birds affected by HPAI, with other incidents reported in Spartanburg County, South Carolina, and Elbert County, Georgia.
As the virus continues to spread, wildlife officials and veterinarians alike emphasize the need for monitoring and testing wild bird populations. Given the ecological and public health risks, it is vital that wildlife professionals work closely with state agencies to report and manage these outbreaks effectively.
Steps to Protect Birds and Prevent Spread
Veterinarians are key players in controlling the spread of avian flu, especially in poultry farms and wildlife areas. With spring approaching, the risk of further outbreaks increases, making preparedness even more critical.
Farmers and poultry producers are urged to take proactive steps, such as:
Isolating infected birds: Immediately separate any sick or dead birds to prevent the virus from spreading to healthy ones.
Enhancing biosecurity: Limit human and animal traffic to poultry farms, disinfect equipment regularly, and ensure protective clothing is worn.
Monitoring wild bird activity: Prevent wild bird access to poultry by keeping food and water containers indoors and using bird netting or enclosures.
Testing and reporting: Early detection is essential. If you find any unusual deaths in your flock or in wild birds, report it to local authorities for testing and assistance.
Moving Forward
As avian influenza cases continue to rise across the U.S., it’s clear that the risk is not just to poultry producers but to wildlife and, potentially, human health. While the immediate threat to humans remains low, veterinarians, farmers, and public health officials must remain vigilant and proactive. By adhering to biosecurity protocols and staying informed about the latest developments, we can reduce the spread of this dangerous virus and protect both our animals and communities.
Veterinarians play an essential role in mitigating these outbreaks, and with spring on the horizon, their expertise will be invaluable in managing and preventing further spread of HPAI
