The H5N1 avian influenza virus, which has been wreaking havoc on poultry farms around the world, has now spilled over into wildlife, creating a new set of challenges for global health and food security. According to Dr. Madhur Dhingra from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), more than 500 bird species and at least 70 mammalian species—including the endangered California condor and polar bears—have been infected by this rapidly mutating virus.

As the virus continues to evolve and spread across species, experts are increasingly concerned about the implications for food systems and public health. Dr. Dhingra warned that in regions heavily reliant on poultry as a primary source of protein, H5N1 poses a serious threat to food and nutrition security. “Avian influenza is not just a health issue for animals; it’s a significant economic burden that is impacting farmers' livelihoods and could prevent them from investing in the necessary biosafety measures to prevent further outbreaks,” he explained.

Economic Impact on Farmers and Livelihoods

The economic toll of the H5N1 virus is staggering, with the livelihoods of millions of people at risk, particularly those who rely on poultry farming for income. The virus has already caused widespread disruption in poultry markets, and as the virus spreads to wildlife and other animals, the economic damage is expected to worsen. Dr. Dhingra emphasized that farmers are struggling to cope with the financial pressures and are finding it difficult to invest in the infrastructure necessary to prevent future outbreaks.

The FAO’s concerns are not limited to the economic burden on farmers. The spread of H5N1 into wildlife, including dairy cattle, has amplified calls from the World Health Organization (WHO) for enhanced surveillance and biosecurity measures on farms. This heightened concern is a reflection of the growing challenges posed by the virus as it spreads across multiple species.

Human Risk: Low – But Not Zero

While the current public health risk from H5N1 remains low for the general population, the situation is more concerning for those working in agriculture. Dr. Maria Van Kerkhove, WHO’s Director of Epidemic and Pandemic Threat Management, emphasized that based on the latest science, “the risk of infection for the public is currently low.” However, for farm workers who are exposed to infected animals, the risk is categorized as low-to-moderate depending on the precautions taken.

To date, there is no evidence to suggest that H5N1 has adapted to spread between humans, and no cases of human-to-human transmission have been reported. However, experts are cautious, noting that the virus is evolving rapidly and that the situation could change. Dr. Van Kerkhove cautioned that as the virus mutates, the risk to humans could increase quickly, underlining the need for ongoing vigilance and preparation.

The Need for Preparedness and One Health Approach

The evolving nature of H5N1 highlights the importance of a One Health approach, which recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. Dr. Van Kerkhove stressed the need for cross-sector collaboration to manage the risks of avian influenza and to reduce the potential impact on both animals and humans. She also emphasized the importance of ensuring that milk is pasteurized or heated before consumption, particularly in regions where avian influenza has been reported in dairy cattle.

“We must remember, however, that this can change quickly,” Dr. Van Kerkhove warned. “The virus is evolving, and we must be prepared for such a scenario. Every human case must be thoroughly investigated, and we must remain proactive in our response.”

What Can You Do?

While the overall risk to the public remains low for now, it’s critical to stay informed and take appropriate precautions, especially if you work with animals or live in regions affected by H5N1 outbreaks. Ensuring proper safety protocols on farms, educating workers about the risks, and maintaining high biosecurity standards are essential steps in reducing the spread of the virus.

As the virus continues to spread to new species, global health experts are urging heightened surveillance and immediate action to safeguard both human and animal populations. The fight against H5N1 is far from over, but by staying vigilant and adhering to best practices, we can reduce its impact and protect both our food security and public health.